Extensive Reading/ Finni Fisachrini/ 031104006/ VIII-A/ Univ. Pakuan

Title : Lanang
Author : Yonathan Rahardjo
Editor : A. Fathoni
Publisher : Alvabet Sastra
Year : 2008
Page : 440
Size : 12,5 X 20 cm

Summary :
Dewi was a holder of doctorate who worked as a henchman of foreign
corporation. She had a duty for supplying genetic engineer product
from foreign country. She created transgenic animal that was able to
spread the virus of disease named wild boar bird or Burung Babi Hutan.
Since appearing of this peculiar animal, the area of dairy cow where
Lanang worked suddenly attacked by the mysterious disease. Lanang was
a clever veterinarian. With the government and the society, they tried
to find out the cause of the dairy cow's death. He had made some
researches, but he still failed to solve it. When he had been out of
ideas, an animal shaman declared his statement that the cow's of the
dairy cow's death was an animal with supernatural powers which was
called Burung Babi Hutan. Traditional mysticism polemic versus modern
biotechnology made the problem become hard to be solved.

Teaching Reading

Traditionally, the purpose of learning to read in a language has been to have access to the literature written in that language. In language instruction, reading materials have traditionally been chosen from literary texts that represent "higher" forms of culture.

This approach assumes that students learn to read a language by studying its vocabulary, grammar, and sentence structure, not by actually reading it. In this approach, lower level learners read only sentences and paragraphs generated by textbook writers and instructors. The reading of authentic materials is limited to the works of great authors and reserved for upper level students who have developed the language skills needed to read them.

The communicative approach to language teaching has given instructors a different understanding of the role of reading in the language classroom and the types of texts that can be used in instruction. When the goal of instruction is communicative competence, everyday materials such as train schedules, newspaper articles, and travel and tourism Web sites become appropriate classroom materials, because reading them is one way communicative competence is developed. Instruction in reading and reading practice thus become essential parts of language teaching at every level.

Reading Purpose and Reading Comprehension

Reading is an activity with a purpose. A person may read in order to gain information or verify existing knowledge, or in order to critique a writer's ideas or writing style. A person may also read for enjoyment, or to enhance knowledge of the language being read. The purpose(s) for reading guide the reader's selection of texts.

The purpose for reading also determines the appropriate approach to reading comprehension. A person who needs to know whether she can afford to eat at a particular restaurant needs to comprehend the pricing information provided on the menu, but does not need to recognize the name of every appetizer listed. A person reading poetry for enjoyment needs to recognize the words the poet uses and the ways they are put together, but does not need to identify main idea and supporting details. However, a person using a scientific article to support an opinion needs to know the vocabulary that is used, understand the facts and cause-effect sequences that are presented, and recognize ideas that are presented as hypotheses and givens.

Reading research shows that good readers

• Read extensively
• Integrate information in the text with existing knowledge
• Have a flexible reading style, depending on what they are reading
• Are motivated
• Rely on different skills interacting: perceptual processing, phonemic processing, recall
• Read for a purpose; reading serves a function

Reading as a Process

Reading is an interactive process that goes on between the reader and the text, resulting in comprehension. The text presents letters, words, sentences, and paragraphs that encode meaning. The reader uses knowledge, skills, and strategies to determine what that meaning is.

Reader knowledge, skills, and strategies include

• Linguistic competence: the ability to recognize the elements of the writing system; knowledge of vocabulary; knowledge of how words are structured into sentences
• Discourse competence: knowledge of discourse markers and how they connect parts of the text to one another
• Sociolinguistic competence: knowledge about different types of texts and their usual structure and content
• Strategic competence: the ability to use top-down strategies (see Strategies for Developing Reading Skills for descriptions), as well as knowledge of the language (a bottom-up strategy)

The purpose(s) for reading and the type of text determine the specific knowledge, skills, and strategies that readers need to apply to achieve comprehension. Reading comprehension is thus much more than decoding. Reading comprehension results when the reader knows which skills and strategies are appropriate for the type of text, and understands how to apply them to accomplish the reading purpose.

Taken from: http://www.nclrc.org/essentials/reading/reindex.htm

ESP

Dear Mrs. Atti,,, I have read the materials evaluations and evaluations. In my oppinion, this material is not easy. To conduct this materials wei must find the criteria - subjective analysis - objective analysis - matching. In this subject I realize assesment is really important to know how far the students' ability. we as a teacher should give the student exercise to know their ability.
SUMMARY
#Materials Evaluation#
-There are three possible ways of turning course design into actual teaching materials:
1.Select from existing materials: materials evaluation.
2.Write your own materials:materials development.
3.Modify exixting materials:materials adaption.

-There are 4 major steps on the evaluation process:
1.Defining criteria,
2.Subjective analysis,
3.Onjective analysis, and
4.Matching.
Thank you for your attention
Finni Fisachrini ( 031104006)

Indonesia to Cut Fuel Subsidies to Balance Budget

Indonesia will soon raise fuel prices by up to 30 percent to avoid a budget blowout amid the soaring cost of oil on the global market, the government said Monday.

The decision to cut subsidies that keep gasoline, diesel fuel and kerosene affordable to the country's millions of poor risks nationwide demonstrations and political opposition from parties jockeying for position ahead of elections next year.

The government last raised prices in 2005, defying protests and winning praise from international donors. To cushion the blow, it provided direct cash payments to the poor - a policy it is sure to repeat this time around.

President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono said the government was no longer debating whether to raise prices,but rather by how much and when. The discussion now is "whether it will be 20, 25 or 30 percent and why will it be that," he said.

Senior Economic Minister Boediono said the government was planning to raise prices in the "coming weeks" and that the poor would receive some form of direct compensation. He gave no more details.

Any price hike is sure to trigger inflation in the country of235 million people and risk hurting economic growth as its poorest citizens struggle to afford rice and other staples amid rising food costs.

Still, most in Indonesia agree the current level of fuel subsidies are unsustainable as global prices hover around US$117 a barrel.

Critics note they are also enjoyed by many of its wealthiest citizens, who currently spend just under half a dollar for a liter of gasoline for their cars.

Indonesia is Southeast Asia's largest oil producer and a member of OPEC, but it has to import oil because of decades of declining investment in exploration and extraction.

A big fuel price increase in 1998 triggered rioting that helped topple former dictator Suharto. Protests also forced former President Megawati Sukarnoputri to scale back a fuel price increase in 2002.(**)

Taken from: http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/05/05/indonesia-cut-fuel-subsidies-balance-budget.html

Based on my opinion, I think Indonesia faces a tough choice. Surging energy and food prices are pushing up the cost of subsidies, but a rise in fuel prices could spark anti-government protests ahead of next year's parliamentary and presidential elections.

Extensive Reading

Author: Cunong N Suraja, Drs.,M.Hum.
Year: 2007
Title: Cross Cultural Understanding 2007
Publisher: Pakuan University Bogor
Pages: 42 Pages
Price: Rp. 12.000,-
Summary:

Cross Cultural Understanding is a book that tells about many things. When I Studied that material last semester this book so interested. Actually I didn’t read this book until finish, because we didn’t enough time in meeting session. Cross culture understanding by Mr. Cunong is a good book. After read this book, I know what is Stereo types, Bilingualism, Prejudice & Stupidity. Mr. Cunong as the writer not only explain that material bus also another topic, such as how to eat, Pilgrimage, What is culture, Democrat ion, etc.
Stereotypes are a kind of gossip about the world, a gossip that makes us prejudge people before we ever lay eyes on them. We can’t stereotype the person from the outside.
Bilingualism learn more that 2 languages. Like me, I am bilinguals because I can speak in 3 languages, Sundanese, Indonesian, and English. This book has a weakness. The weakness of this book is on the pages. The pages didn’t start from the first page but 37.

Name: Finni Fisachrini
NPM: 031104006
Class: VIII-A
Extensive Reading

My Achilles Heel

Wayang Golek is a traditional form of puppetry from Sunda, West Java. Unlike flat leather shadow puppets, these puppets are made from wood, and being three-dimensional do not use a screen. The puppetts are ornate with colourful costumes, and have moveable arms and head.

The puppetteer sits on the floor behind a low "table" on which the puppetts perform. The shows are performed for at least six hours during the night, accompanied by gamelan music, with speech and singing to tell the story. This music is quite unlike the traditional court music from Solo, for example, and contains much banter and sound effects!

The stories are usually based on the epic stories of the Ramayana and Mahabharata, the show is only a small part of the whole epic. In Indonesia, people are familiar with the different characters appearing in the stories, which can be recognised by the size, shape, colour and angle of their eyes and nose and the way they walk, talk, sing, dance and fight. Kinds of wayang golek : hanoman, cepot, gareng, sugriwa, gatot kaca,bima, batara kala, anila and anjani.

Subject : Cross Cultural Understanding

Lecture: Cunong N, Suharja, Drs., M. Hum.

Stereotype of AIDS

Stereotype of AIDS

Stereotype is someone who judge something or someone from the cover. We can do that. Based my opinion stereotype is someone who judge something before he/she knows the truth. As proverb “Don’t judge the books from the cover".

Are assumed characteristics based on a large group of individuals whose beliefs, habits, and actions are perceived to be similar.

Based my experience I have a friend contract AIDS. My parents asked me to keep away from him. I can not do what my parents asked to me because I think no one can infect his disease. His illness just infected by hypodermic needle, making love and blood transfusion. My friend is Dani. He told me about his experience why he infect AIDS. Actually my friend has many problems when he met his friend. He tries to share with his friends, but unfortunately his friend attempt to persuade to using drugs.

His friend brings those drugs. It called Putaw. My friends try to reject it but he attempt to persuade him for using drugs. He can not reject it because he thinks that it can help him to out of his problems in that time. After he knew the effect of drugs, he just dazed and doing nothing. He using drugs about 3 years and he joint the hypodermic needle with someone who infected AIDS, but Dani doesn’t know. Day by day he felt so broke. He can not walked anymore. His parents take him to the hospital and check up his body. How very surprised that he infected AIDS. After he knew his illness he doesn’t have any friends. All his friends afraid to him. But I have opinion that we can not do that. He is human and human can do mistakes. I am still his friend until now. So do not judge if someone infected AIDS he or she is a bad human.